![]() However, in the last years the association between GERD and sinusitis gained support. At first, several reviews did not find out a clear evidence-based relationship between Chronic rhinosinusitis and GERD. Several studies focused on the possible correlation of GERD and sinusitis, which have been reported to occur together more frequently than expected. Moreover, while the association between GERD and nasal disorders gained support in children, in adults the evidence is still sparse. Since both chronic rhinosinusitis and GERD are highly prevalent, it is difficult to establish a direct relation between them, as they can easily coexist independently. Other manifestations, such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and recurrent otitis media, are proposed but not established as it is unclear whether GERD is a significant causal or exacerbating factor. Some of the well-established extraesophageal manifestations are reflux-induced cough, laryngitis, asthma and dental erosion. Hence also esophageal and extraesophageal diseases associated with GERD are expected to increase. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is also a worldwide prevalent condition, which is on the rise in Europe and North America. The prevalence of AR in adults in Europe ranged from 17 to 28.5%, while NAR affects up to 30% of individuals in the Western population. NAR occurs when obstruction and rhinorrhea are related to non-allergic, non-infectious triggers such as a change in the weather, exposure to caustic odors or cigarette smoke, barometric pressure differences, etc. The two major classifications are allergic (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). Rhinitis is a global common problem and is defined as the presence of at least one of the following: congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal itching, and nasal obstruction. The study confirmed the association between gastritis/GERD and nasal disturbances, which is stronger for NAR and sinusitis than for AR. When adjusting for centre, sex, age, education level, BMI, smoking habits and alcohol intake, the combination of gastritis and GERD was associated with a four-fold increase in the risk of NAR (RRR = 3.80, 95% CI 2.56–5.62) and sinusitis (RRR = 3.70, 2.62–5.23) with respect to controls, and with a much smaller increase in the risk of AR (RRR = 1.79, 1.37–2.35). ![]() ![]() ![]() The association between NAR/AR/sinusitis and either gastritis or GERD was evaluated through relative risk ratios (RRR) by multinomial logistic regression. Subjects were asked if they had doctor-diagnosed “gastritis or stomach ulcer (confirmed by gastroscopy)” or “gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatal hernia or esophagitis”. We investigated 2887 subjects aged 20–84 years, who underwent a clinical visit in seven Italian centres (Ancona, Palermo, Pavia, Terni, Sassari, Torino, Verona) within the study on Gene Environment Interactions in Respiratory Diseases, a population-based multicase-control study between 20. ![]() To evaluate the strength of the association between gastritis/GERD and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR)/allergic rhinitis (AR)/sinusitis. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been reported to be significantly associated with chronic rhinosinusitis, but the strength of the association is still debated. ![]()
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